ISBN: 978-80-244-5204-3 | DOI: 10.5507/ff.17.24452043

Protest, omyl, nezájem?

Neplatné hlasování v České republice a v nových demokraciích

Tomáš Lebeda, Jakub Lysek

The book focuses on the phenomenon of invalid votes which has been vastly neglected by the scholars of electoral behaviour. In our study, we offer a new theoretical framework for classifying the casual mechanisms linked to various level of invalid votes in elections. We derive accordingly several different models of invalid voting: error model, protest model and indifference mode. Our research is novel because it proposes a complex model of determinants of invalid voting. We include institutional, political, and socioeconomic variables which are not operating additively, but rather their effect is theorized to be mutually dependent and conditional on other variables.

1. edition, Published: 2017, publisher: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, Křížkovského 8, 771 47 Olomouc



References

  1. Ackaert, Johan, Bram Wauters, Dries Verlet. 2011. "Turnout at Local Elections: The Relevance of Contextual Variables." Příspěvek na konferenci Politicologenetmall, Amsterdam, 9-10 června 2011.
  2. Aldashev, Gani, Giovanni Mastrobuoni. 2013. "Invalid Ballots and Electoral Competition." Carlo Alberto Notebooks 153: 1-39.
  3. Aldrich, John H. 1993. "Rational Choice and Turnout." American Journal of Political Science 37 (1): 246-278. Go to original source...
  4. Alvarez, Michael R., Dustin Beckett, Charles III. Stewart. 2013. "Voting Technology, Vote-by-Mail, and Residual Votes in California, 1990-2010." Political Research Quarterly 66 (3): 658-670. Go to original source...
  5. Arbache, Guilherme, Danilo Freire, Pietro Rodrigues. 2014. "Invalid Votes, Political Efficacy and Lack of Preferences in Brazilian Elections." Paper presented at XXIII IPSA World Congress, University of Montreal.
  6. Aaltola, Mika, Mariita Mattiisen. 2016. Elections Hacking in Democracies. The Example of U.S. 2016 Elections. FIIA Briefing Paper 204. The Finnish Institute of International Aff airs. Dostupné z: www.fiia.fi /assets/publications/bp204_Election_hacking_in_democracies. pdf (26. 8. 2017)
  7. Bartels, Brandon L. 2011. "Beyond, Fixed versus Random Effects': A Framework for Improving Substantive and Statistical Analysis of Panel, Time-series Cross-sectional, and Multilevel Data." Paper presented at Political Methodology Conference, July 9-12 2008, Ann Arbor, MI.
  8. BBC. 2014. "Afghan Presidential Election Audit Completed." bbc.com (online). Dostupné z: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29077743 (31. 1. 2015)
  9. Beber, Bernd, Alexandra Scacco. 2012. "What the Numbers Say: A Digit-Based Test for Election Fraud Using New Data from Nigeria." Political Analysis 20 (online). Do stupné z: http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/12/pan.mps003.short (30. 9. 2015)
  10. Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. "What to do (and not to do) with Time-series Cross-section Data in Comparative Politics." American Political Science Review 89 (3): 634-647. Go to original source...
  11. Berger, Arno, Theodore P. Hill. 2011. "A Basic Theory of Benford's Law." Probability Surveys 8: 1-126. Go to original source...
  12. Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, Jeremy Mitchell (eds.). 2003. Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-1939: Comparative Analyses. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Go to original source...
  13. Bernhagen, Patrick, Michael Marsch. 2007. "Voting and Protesting: Explaining Citizen Participation in Old and New European Democracies." Democratization 14 (1): 44-72. Go to original source...
  14. Berry, William, Matt Golder, Daniel Milton. 2012. "Improving Tests of Theories Positing Interaction." Journal of Politics 74 (3): 653-671. Go to original source...
  15. Birch, Sarah. 2003. "Two-Round Electoral Systems and Democracy." Comparative Political Studies 36 (3): 319-344. Go to original source...
  16. Birch, Sarah. 2010. "Ukraine." Pp. 1967-2000 in Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver (eds.). Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook. Baden-Baden: Nomos. Go to original source...
  17. Birch, Sarah. 2011. Electoral Malpractice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Go to original source...
  18. Bílek, Jaroslav. 2017. "Toward Explaining Electoral Competitiveness in Competitive Authoritarianism: Lessons from Latin America." Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review 17 (2).
  19. Blais, André, Agnieszka Dobrzynska. 1998. "Turnout in Electoral Democracies." European Journal of Political Research 33 (2): 239-261. Go to original source...
  20. Blais, André. 2004. "Strategic Voting in the 2002 French Presidential Election." Pp. 93-109 in Michael S. Lewis-Beck (ed.). The French Voter: Before and Aft er the 2002 Elections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Go to original source...
  21. Blais, André. 2006. "What Affects Voter Turnout?" Annual Review of Political Science 9: 111-125. Go to original source...
  22. Breunig, Christian, Achim Goerres. 2011. "Searching for Electoral Irregularities in an Established Democracy: Applying Benford's Law Tests to Bundestag Elections in Unified Germany." Electoral Studies 30 (3): 534-545. Go to original source...
  23. Borba, Julian. 2008. "As bases sociais e atitudinais da alienação eleitoral no Brasil." Revista Debates 2 (2): 134-157. Go to original source...
  24. Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba, Kay L.. Schlozman. 1995. "Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation." The American Political Science Review 89 (2): 271-294. Go to original source...
  25. Brambor, Thomas, William R. Clark, Matt Golder. 2006. "Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses." Political Analysis 14 (1): 63-82. Go to original source...
  26. Brown, Mitchell, Eric M. Uslaner. 2002. "Inequality, Trust, and Political Engagement." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.
  27. Brug, Wouter van der, Cees van der Eijk, Mark Franklin. 2007. The Economy and the Vote: Economic Conditions and Elections in Fift een Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  28. Burden, Barry C., Amber Wichowsky. 2014. "Economic Discontent as a Mobilizer: Unemployment and Voter Turnout." The Journal of Politics 76 (4): 887-898. Go to original source...
  29. Caramani, Daniele. 2004. The Nationalization of Politics. The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  30. Carman, Christopher, James Mitchell, Robert Johns. 2008. "Th e Unfortunate Natural Experiment in Ballot Design: The Scottish Parliamentary Elections of 2007." Electoral Studies 27 (3): 442-459. Go to original source...
  31. Carter, John R. 1984. "Early Projections and Voter Turnout in the 1980 Presidential Election." Public Choice 43 (2): 195-202. Go to original source...
  32. Cisneros, Gerardo Y. 2013. "Movilización, Escolaridad y Voto Nulo. La Elección Federal de 2009 en México." Política y Gobierno 20 (1): 39-78.
  33. Clarks, William R., Michael Gilligan, Matt Golder. 2006. "A Simple Multivariate Test for Asymmetric Hypotheses." Political Analysis 14 (3): 311-331. Go to original source...
  34. Cohen, Mollie J. 2017. "Protesting via the Null Ballot: An Assessment of the Decision to Cast an Invalid Vote in Latin America." Political Behavior : 1-20. Go to original source...
  35. Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  36. Česká tisková kancelář. 2014a. "Hlas za dvě stovky. Na Ústecku se prý kupčilo s hlasy pro ODS." Týden.cz (online). Dostupné z: http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/volby-2014/na-ustecku-se-pry-kupcilo-s-hlasy-pro-ods_320839.html (20. 7. 2015)
  37. Česká tisková kancelář. 2014b. "V Lovosicích možná nakupovali hlasy, cílem byli sociálně slabí." Lidovky.cz (online). Dostupné z: http://www.lidovky.cz/v-lovosicich--mozna-nakupovali-volebni-hlasy-cilem-byli-socialne-slabi-1eo-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A141009_175354_ln_domov_ele (20. 7. 2015)
  38. Dahl, Robert A., Edward R., Tuft e. 1973. Size and Democracy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  39. Dahl, Robert A. 2001. O demokracii. Průvodce pro občany. Praha: Portál.
  40. Deckert, Joseph, Mikhail Myagkov, Peter C. Ordeshook. 2011. "Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud." Political Analysis 19 (3): 245-268. Go to original source...
  41. De Haan, Jakob, Jan-Egbert Sturm, Geert Beekhuis. 1999. "Th e Weak Government Thesis: Some New Evidence." Public Choice 101 (3-4): 163-176. Go to original source...
  42. Denters, Bas. 2002. "Size and Political Trust: Evidence from Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway and United Kingdom." Government & Policy C: Environment and Planning 20 (6): 793-812. Go to original source...
  43. Dettrey, Bryan J., Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer. 2009. "Voter Turnout in Presidential Democracies." Comparative Political Studies 42 (10): 1317-1338. Go to original source...
  44. Dinka, Frank, Max J, Skidmore. 1973. "Th e Functions of Communist One-Party Elections: The Case of Czechoslovakia, 1971." Political Science Quarterly 88 (3): 395-422. Go to original source...
  45. Dočekalová, Pavla. 2012. "Definice a konceptualizace volebních podvodů". European Electoral Studies 7 (1): 17-29. Go to original source...
  46. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.
  47. Driscoll, Amanda, Michael J. Nelson. 2014. "Ignorance or Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments." Political Research Quarterly 67 (3): 547-561. Go to original source...
  48. Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political parties, Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. New York: Wiley and Sons.
  49. Eibl, Otto, Michal Pink. 2013. "Senatorial Elections: The Majority Model in the Czech Republic." Representation 49 (2): 169-187. Go to original source...
  50. Evans, Peter, James E. Rauch. 1999. "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of, Weberian' State Structures on Economic Growth." American Sociological Review 64 (5): 748-765. Go to original source...
  51. Fornos, Carolina A., Timothy J. Power, James C. Garand. 2004. "Explaining Voter Turnout in Latin America, 1980 to 2000." Comparative Political Studies 37 (8): 909-940. Go to original source...
  52. Franklin, Mark N. 1999. "Electoral Engineering and Cross-national Turnout Differencies: What role for Compulsory Voting?" The British Journal of Political Science 29 (1): 205-224. Go to original source...
  53. Franklin, Mark N. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  54. Franklin, Mark, Diana Evans. 2000. "Th e Low Voter Turnout Problem." Pp. 97-113 in Joseph Zimmerman, Wilma Rule (eds.). The US House of Representatives: Reform or Rebuild? Westport, Conn: Praeger.
  55. Freire, André. 2003. "Second Order Elections and Electoral Cycles in Democratic Portugal, 1975-2002." Working papers: 3-34. On-line (http://www.ics.ul.pt/instituto) (17. 11. 2012).
  56. Gallagher, Michael. 1991. "Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems." Electoral Studies 10 (1): 33-51. Go to original source...
  57. Gallego, Aina. 2015. Unequal Political Participation Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  58. Gary, King. 1997. A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Go to original source...
  59. Gelman, Andrew, Jennifer Hill. 2006. Applied Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  60. Gendźwiłł Adam. 2015. "Skąd się biorą głosy nieważne w wyborach do sejmików województw?" Studia Socjologiczne 4 (219): 33-57.
  61. Gerling, Rainer W. 2017. "Cyber Attacks on Free Elections." Max Planck Research. The Science Magazin of Max Planck Society 11 (2): 10-15. https://www.mpg.de/11357138/W001_Viewpoint_010-015.pdf (26. 8. 2017)
  62. Geys, Benny. 2006. "Explaining Voter Turnout: A Review of Aggregate-level Research." Electoral Studies 25 (4): 637-663. Go to original source...
  63. Greene, William H. 2014. Econometric Analysis. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
  64. Hall, Thad E., J. Quin Monson, Kelly D. Patterson. 2009. "Th e Human Dimension of Elections: How Poll Workers Shape Public Confidence in Elections." Political Research Quarterly 62 (3): 507-522. Go to original source...
  65. Hanmer, Michael J., Won-ho Park, Michael W. Traugott, Richard G. Niemi, Paul S. Herrnson, Ben B. Bederson, Frederick G. Conrad. 2010. "Losing Fewer Votes The Impact of Changing Voting Systems on Residual Votes." Political Research Quarterly 63 (1): 129-142. Go to original source...
  66. Hányš, Rostislav. 2014. "Volební komise v Jeseníku přehlédla 670 hlasů, výsledek ale platí." Idnes.cz (online). Dostupné z: http://olomouc.idnes.cz/soud-uznal-stiznost-svobodnychna-volby-v-jeseniku-fhr-/olomouc-zpravy.aspx?c=A141112_2115557_olomouc--zpravy_stk (20. 7. 2015)
  67. Herrnson, Paul S., Michael J., Hanmer, Richard G., Niemi. 2012. "Th e Impact of Ballot Type on Voter Errors." American Journal of Political Science 56 (3): 716-730. Go to original source...
  68. Herron, Michael C., Jasjeet S. Sekhon. 2005. "Black Candidates and Black Voters: Assessing the Impact of Candidate Race on Uncounted Vote Rates." The Journal of Politics 67 (1): 154-177. Go to original source...
  69. Hill, Lisa, Sally Young. 2007. "Protest or Error? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting." Australian Journal of Political Science 42 (3): 515-521. Go to original source...
  70. Hirczy, Wolfgang. 1994. "Th e Impact of Mandatory Voting Laws on Turnout: A Quasi-Experimental Approach." Electoral Studies 13 (1): 64-76. Go to original source...
  71. Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  72. Hooghe, Marc, Sofie Marien, Teun Pauwels. 2011. "Where Do Distrusting Voters Turn if There is No Viable Exit or Voice Option? The Impact of Political Trust on Electoral Behaviour in the Belgian Regional Elections of June 2009." Government and Opposition 46 (2): 245-273. Go to original source...
  73. Hutcheson, Derek S. 2004. "Disengaged or Disenchanted? The Vote 'Against All' in Post-Communist Russia." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20 (1): 98-121. Go to original source...
  74. Hyde, Susan D. 2008. "How International Election Observers Detect and Deter Fraud." Pp. 201-215 in R. Michael Alvarez, Thad E. Hall, Susan D. Hyde (eds.). Election Fraud. Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
  75. ICA Intelligence Community Assessment. 2017. Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections. ICA 2017-01D. Dostupné z: https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3254237/Russia-Hack-Report.pdf (26. 8. 2017) iDnes. 2014. "Počet členů ANO strmě roste, Okamurův Úsvit zamrzl na devíti členech."
  76. iDnes.cz (online). Dostupné z: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/pocty-clenu-politickych-stran--usvit-dvs-/domaci.aspx?c=A140409_171109_domaci_hv(31.1.2015)
  77. Indridason, Indridi H. 2008. "Competition & Turnout: The Majority Run-off as a Natural Experiment." Electoral Studies 27 (4): 699-710. Go to original source...
  78. Jackman, Robert W. 1987. "Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies." The American Political Science Review 81 (2): 405-424. Go to original source...
  79. Jackman, Robert W., Ross A. Miller. 1995. "Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies During the 1980s." Comparative Political Studies 27 (4): 467-492. Go to original source...
  80. Jacobson, Christine. 2012. ",Against All': Protest Voting in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan." Vestnik, The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies 6 (11): 51-69.
  81. Kam, Cindy. D., Robert. J. Franzese. 2007. Modeling and Interpreting Interactive Hypotheses in Regression Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
  82. Kantorek, Pavel. 1998. "Benfordův zákon." Vesmír 77: 583. Go to original source...
  83. Katz, Gabriel, Ines Levin. 2016. "A General Model of Abstention Under Compulsory Voting." Political Science Research and Methods: 1-20. Go to original source...
  84. Kimball, David C., Martha Kropf. 2005. "Ballot Design and Unrecorded Votes on Paper-based Ballots." Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (4): 508-529. Go to original source...
  85. Klimek, Peter, Yuri Yegorov, Rudolf Hanel, Stefan Thurner. 2012. "Statistical Detection of Systematic Election Irregularities." PNAS 109 (41): 16469-16473 (online). Dostupné z: www. pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1210722109/-/DCSupplemental (8. 6. 2015) Go to original source...
  86. Knack, Stephen, Martha, Kropf. 2003. "Voided Ballots in the 1996 Presidential Election: A County-Level Analysis." Journal of Politics 65 (3): 881-897. Go to original source...
  87. Kostadinova, Tatiana. 2003. "Voter Turnout Dynamics in Post-Communist Europe." European Journal of Political Research 42 (6): 741-759. Go to original source...
  88. Kostadinova, Tatiana, Timothy J. Power. 2007. "European Transitional Democracies Does Democratization Depress Participation? Voter Turnout in the Latin American and Eastern." Political Research Quarterly 60 (3): 363-377. Go to original source...
  89. Kostelecký, Tomáš. 2005. Model predikce výsledků voleb - alternativní přístup k odhadům volebních výsledků ve volebních obvodech. Sociologický časopis/Czech Sociological Review 41 (1): 79-101. Go to original source...
  90. Kouba, Karel. 2015. "Proč ubývají voliči a neplatné hlasy ve druhých kolech českých senátních voleb?" Sociologický časopis 51 (2): 227-259. Go to original source...
  91. Kouba, Karel. 2016. "Party Institutionalization and the Removal of Presidential Term Limits in Latin America." Revista de Ciencia Política 36 (2): 433-457. Go to original source...
  92. Kouba, Karel, Jakub Lysek. 2016. "Institutional Determinants of Invalid Voting in Post-Communist Europe and Latin America." Electoral Studies 41 (1): 92-104. Go to original source...
  93. Krupka, Jakub. 2010. "Údajně zfalšované volby na Chodově řeší kriminálka." Deník.cz (online). Dostupné z: http://prazsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/udajne-zfalsovane-volby--na-chodove-20101220.html (20. 7. 2015)
  94. Kudrnáč, Aleš, Jakub Lysek, Daniel Rejman. 2014. "Omyl nebo úmysl? Analýza neplatných hlasů v olomouckém kraji." Středoevropské politické studie 16 (2-3): 214-236. Go to original source...
  95. Laakso, Markku, Rein Taagepera. 1979. "Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe." Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3-27. Go to original source...
  96. Lavareda, Antonio J. 1991. A democracia nas urnas: o processo partidario eleitoral brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Rio Fundo Editora.
  97. Lebeda, Tomáš. 2008. Volební systémy poměrného zastoupení: Mechanismy, proporcionalita a politické konsekvence. Praha: Karolinum.
  98. Lebeda, Tomáš. 2009. "Komunální volby klamou. Krátké zastavení nad problematickými aspekty volebního systému pro obecní zastupitelstva." Acta Politologica 1 (1): 84-95.
  99. Lebeda, Tomáš. 2011. "Dopady dvoukolového většinového systému na reprezentaci stran v českém Senátu." Sociologický časopis 47 (2): 243-271. Go to original source...
  100. Lebeda, Tomáš. 2016. Dvacet let voleb do Senátu. Pp. 289-308. In Jan Kysela ed. Dvacet let Senátu Parlamentu České republiky v souvislostech. Praha: Leges.
  101. Lebeda, Tomáš. Alena Navrátilová, Michal Soukop. 2017. "Neplatné hlasování, pochybení při sčítání, nebo podvod? Analýza výsledků komunálních voleb v ČR mezi lety 2002 a 2014 na úrovni volebních okrsků." Forthcoming.
  102. Lebedová, Eva. 2013. Voliči, strany a negativní kampaň. Politická komunikace v České republice. Praha: SLON.
  103. Lebedová, Eva, Tomáš Lebeda. 2016. Personalization of the Czech Elections 2006-2013. Old versus New Partties? Is there a Leader Effect? Paper for ECPR General Conference 2016. Praha.
  104. Lehoucq, Fabrice. 2003. "Electoral Fraud: Causes, Types, and Consequences." Annual Review of Political Science 6 (6): 233-256. Go to original source...
  105. Leib, Jonathan I., Jason Dittmer. 2002. "Florida's Residual Votes, Voting Technology, and the 2000 Election." Political Geography 21 (1): 91-98. Go to original source...
  106. Levi, Margaret, Laura Stoker. 2000. "Political Trust and Trustworthiness." Annual Review of Political Science 3 (1): 175-507. Go to original source...
  107. Linek, Lukáš. 2011. "Why Did Voter Turnout in the Czech General Elections Change between 1996 and 2010?" Sociologický časopis 47 (1): 9-32. Go to original source...
  108. Lipset, Seymour M. 1959. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy." American Political Science Review 53 (1), 69-105. Go to original source...
  109. Lysek, Jakub, Tomáš Lebeda, Karel Kouba. 2017. "Turning out but not Voting: Invalid Ballots in Post-Communist Parliamentary Elections." Forthcoming.
  110. Mair, Peter. 1997. Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Go to original source...
  111. Maltz, Gideon, 2007. "Th e Case for Presidential Term Limits." Journal of Democracy 18 (1): 128-142. Go to original source...
  112. Matsusaka, John G., Filip Palda. 1993. "Th e Donwsian VOter Meets the Ecological Fallacy." Public Choice 77 (4): 855-878. Go to original source...
  113. McAllister, Ian, Toni Makkai. 1993. "Institutions, Society or Protest? Explaining Invalid Votes in Australian Elections." Electoral Studies 12 (1): 23-40. Go to original source...
  114. McAllister, Ian, Stephen White. 2008. "Voting, Against All' in Postcommunist Russia." Europe- Asia Studies 60 (1): 67-87. Go to original source...
  115. Mebane, Walter R. Jr. 2011. "Comment on Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud." Political Analysis 19 (3): 269-272. Go to original source...
  116. Minnite, Lorraine C. 2007. "Th e Politics of Voter Fraud." Projectvote.org (online). Dostupné z: http://www.projectvote.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/Politics_of_Voter_Fraud_Final.pdf (11. 6. 2015)
  117. Molek, Pavel, Vojtěch Šimíček. 2006. Soudní přezkum voleb. Praha: Linde.
  118. Molina, Iván, Fabrice E. Lehoucq. 1999. "Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study." The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30 (2): 199-234. Go to original source...
  119. Møller, Jørgen, Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2014. "Mapping Political Regime Developments in Interwar Europe: A Multidimensional Approach." Paper prepared for presentation at the ECPR joint sessions of workshops, April 10-15, Salamanca.
  120. Montero, Mercedes García, 2001. "La decada de Fujimori: ascenso, mantenimiento y caída de un líder antipolítico." Revista de CIencias Sociales 28: 49-86.
  121. Moral, Mert. 2016. "Th e Passive-Aggressive Voter: The Calculus of Casting an Invalid Vote in European Democracies." Political Research Quarterly 69 (4): 1-14. Go to original source...
  122. Mott, Rodney L. 1926. "Invalid Ballots Under the Hare System of Proportional Representation." The American Political Science Review 20 (4): 874-882. Go to original source...
  123. Nikolenyi, Csaba. 2010. "Concurrent Elections and Voter Turnout: The Effect of the Delinking of State Elections on Electoral Participation in India's Parliamentary Polls, 1971-2004." Political Studies 58 (1): 214-233. Go to original source...
  124. Nohlen, Dieter, Philip Stöver (eds.) 2010. Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  125. Norris, Pippa. 1997. "Nomination: Second-Order Elections Revisited." European Journal of Political Research 31 (1): 109-124. Go to original source...
  126. Norris, Pippa. 2002. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. New York: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  127. Norris, Pippa. 2013. "Th e New Research Agenda Studying Electoral Integrity." Electoral Studies 32 (4): 563-575. Go to original source...
  128. Norris, Pippa. 2014. Why Electoral Integrity Matters. New York: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  129. Novák, Miroslav. 2015. Takzvané "sociologické zákony" Maurice Duvergera: jejich postupné formulování a jejich metodologické aspekty. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review. 51 (1): 3-39. Go to original source...
  130. Obradović-Wochnik, Jelena, Alexander Wochnik. 2014. "Invalid Ballots and the, Crisis of Representative Democracy': Re-inventing Protest at the 2012 Serbian Elections." East European Politics & Societies 28 (4): 808-835. Go to original source...
  131. O'Dwyer, Conor. 2006. Runaway State-building: Patronage Politics and Democratic Development. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  132. Oelbermann, Kai-Friederike, Antonio Kolomares, Friedrich Pukelsheim. 2010. "Th e 2009 European Parliament Elections: From Votes to Seats in 27 Ways." European Electoral Studies 5 (1): 148-182.
  133. OSCE. 1996. "Romanian Parliamentary and Presidential Elections 3rd and 17th November 1996." Final report (online). Dostupné z: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/romania/ 16254 (3. 2. 2015)
  134. OSCE. 2006. "Republic of Bulgaria. Presidential Election 22 and 29 October 2006." OSCE/ ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Report (online). Dostupné z: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/bulgaria/24138?download1/4true (3. 2. 2015)
  135. OSCE. 2012. "Romania Parliamentary Elections 9 December 2012." OSCE/ODIHR Election Expert Team Final Report (online). Dostupné z: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ 98757 (3. 2. 2015)
  136. Pacek, Alexander C. 1994. "Macroeconomic Conditions and Electoral Politics in East Central Europe." The American Journal of Political Science 38 (3): 723-744. Go to original source...
  137. Pacek, Alexander C., Grigore Pop-Eleches, Joshua Tucker. 2009. "Disenchanted or discerning: voter turnout in post-Communist countries." The Journal of Politics 71 (2), 473-491. Go to original source...
  138. Pachón, Mónica, Royce Carroll, Hernando Barragán. 2017. "Ballot Design and Invalid Votes: Evidence from Colombia." Electoral Studies 48: 98-110. Go to original source...
  139. Payne, Mark J., Daniel Zovatto, Mercedes Mateo Díaz. 2003. La Política Importa: Democracia y desarrollo en América Latina. Washington, DC: nter-American Development Bank and International IDEA.
  140. Pehr, Michal. 2009. "Bílé lístky." Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia střední Evropy 19. a 20. století 1: 95-109.
  141. Pirátské novinky. 2012. "Piráti nabízejí místa ve volebních komisích pro volby prezidenta." Piratskenovinky.cz (online). Dostupné z: http://www.piratskenovinky.cz/art/697388/(31.1.2015)
  142. Plümper, Thomas, Vera E. Troeger, Philip Manow. 2005. "Panel Data Analysis in Comparative Politics: Linking Method to Theory." European Journal of Political Research 44 (2): 327-354. Go to original source...
  143. Powell, Bingham G. 1986. "American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective." The American Political Science Review 80 (1): 17-43. Go to original source...
  144. Power, Timothy J., Timmons J. Roberts. 1995. "Compulsory Voting, Invalid Ballots, and Abstention in Brazil." Political Research Quarterly 48 (4): 795-826. Go to original source...
  145. Power, Timothy J., James C. Garand. 2007. "Determinants of Invalid Voting in Latin America." Electoral Studies 26 (2): 432-444. Go to original source...
  146. Pravda, Alex. 1978. "Elections in Communist Party States." Pp. 169-195 in Guy Hermet, Richard Rose, Alain Rouquie (eds.). Elections without Choice. London: Macmillan Press. Go to original source...
  147. Putnam, Robert. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Go to original source...
  148. Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster. Go to original source...
  149. Ragin, Charles. 2008. Redesigning Social Inquiry. Fuzzy Sets and Beyond. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Go to original source...
  150. Rallings, Colin, Michael Thrasher. 2005. "Not All, Second-order' Contests are the Same: Turnout and Party Choice at the Concurrent 2004 Local and European Parliament Elections in England." The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 7 (4): 584-597. Go to original source...
  151. Reif, Karlheinz, Hermann Schmitt. 1980. "National Elections - A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Elections Results." European Journal of Political Research 8 (3): 3-44. Go to original source...
  152. Reynolds, Andrew, Ben Reilly, Andrew Ellis. 2005. Electoral System Design: The New IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: IDEA (online). Dostupné z: http://www.idea.int/publications/esd/index.cfm (20. 4. 2017)
  153. Reynolds, Andrew, Marco Steenbergen. 2006. "How the World Votes: The Political Consequences of Ballot Design, Innovation and Manipulation." Electoral Studies 25 (3): 570-598. Go to original source...
  154. Riker, William H., Peter C. Ordeshook. 1968. "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting." American Political Science Review 62 (1): 25-42. Go to original source...
  155. Rosenstone, Steven J., 1982. "Economic Adversity and Voter Turnout." The American Journal of Political Science 26 (1): 5-46. Go to original source...
  156. Rosenstone, Steven J., John M. Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, participation, and American democracy. New York: MacMillan.
  157. Rosenthal, Howard, Subrata Sen. 1973. "Electoral Participation in the French Fift h Republic." The American Political Science Review 67 (1): 29-54. Go to original source...
  158. Roubini, Nouriel, Jeff rey Sachs. 1989. "Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in the Industrial Democracies." European Economic Review 33 (5): 903-938. Go to original source...
  159. Ryšavý, Dan. 2013. "Czech Counties aft er a Dozen Years of Regionalization: Continuity and Novelties aft er County Elections 2012." Regional & Federal Studies 23 (5): 631-642. Go to original source...
  160. Sartori, Giovanni. 2005. Strany a stranické systémy: schéma pro analýzu. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury.
  161. Sartori, Giovanni. 2001. Srovnávací ústavní inženýrství. Praha: SLON.
  162. Schneider, Carsten Q., Claudius Wagemann. 2006. "Reducing Complexity in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA): Remote and Proximate Factors and the Consolidation of Democracy." European Journal of Political Research 45 (5): 751-786. Go to original source...
  163. Shugart, Matthew Soberg, John M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  164. Singh, Shane P. 2017. "Politically Unengaged, Disturbing, and Disaffected Individuals Drive the Link Between Compulsory Voting and Invalid Balloting." Political Science Research and Methods: 1-17. Go to original source...
  165. Simonovits, Gábor, 2012. "Competition and Turnout Revisited: The Importance of Measuring Expected Closeness Accurately." Electoral Studies 31 (2): 365-371. Go to original source...
  166. Solvak, Mihkel, Kristjan Vassil. 2015. "Indifference or Indignation? Explaining Purposive Vote Spoiling in Elections." Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 25 (4): 463-481. Go to original source...
  167. Spurná, Pavlína. 2008. "Prostorová autokorelace - všudypřítomný jev při analýze prostorových dat?" Sociologický časopis 44 (4): 767-787. Go to original source...
  168. Stark, Philip B. 2009. "Efficient Post-Election Audits of Multiple Contests: 2009 California Tests." Paper presented at the 2009 Conference on Empirical Legal Studies, University of Southern California, LA (online). Dostupné z: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1443314(31.1.2015) Paper presented at XXIII IPSA World Congress, University of Montreal. Go to original source...
  169. Stiefbold, Rodney P. 1965. "Th e Significance of Void Ballots in West German Elections." American Political Science Review 59 (2): 391-407. Go to original source...
  170. Superti, Chiara. 2014. "Comparing Individual Blank Voting, Mobilized Protest Voting and Voting Abstention." Dizertační práce. Harvard University.
  171. Šaradín, Pavel. 2008. Teorie voleb druhého řádu a možnosti jejich aplikace v České republice. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.
  172. Taylor, Michael, V.M. Herman. 1971. "Party Systems and Government Stability." The American Political Science Review 65 (1): 28-37. Go to original source...
  173. Taylor, Steven L. 2012. "Colombian Voters and Ballot Structure: Error, Confusion, and/or, None of the Above.' " The Latin Americanist 56 (4): 111-130. Go to original source...
  174. TOP09. 2013. "Chcete být volebním komisařem za TOP09." top09.cz (online). Dostupné z: http://www.top09.cz/regiony/plzensky-kraj/tiskove-zpravy/chcete-byt-volebnim-komisaremza-top-09-13806.html(31.1.2015)
  175. Traugott, Michael W., Michael J. Hanmer, Won-Ho Park, Paul S. Herrnson, Richard G. Niemi, Ben B. Bederson, Frederick G. Conrad. 2005. "Th e Impact of Voting Systems on Residual Votes, Incomplete Ballots, and Other Measures of Voting Behavior." In Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
  176. Uggla, Fredrik. 2008. "Incompetence, Alienation, or Calculation? Explaining Levels of Invalid Ballots and Extra-Parliamentary Votes." Comparative Political Studies 41 (8): 1141-1164. Go to original source...
  177. Ustohalová, Jana. 2002. "Kandidát zpochybnil volby, stížností je deset." Mladá fronta Dnes 13 (263): 1.
  178. Volkerink, Bjørn, Jakob De Haan. 2001. "Fragmented Government Effects of Fiscal Policy." Public Choice 109 (3-4): 221-242. Go to original source...
  179. Wolfinger, Raymond E., Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who votes? New Haven: Yale University Press.
  180. Wooldridge, Jeff rey M. 2003. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. 2nd edition. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western Publishing.
  181. Zákon č. 130/2000 Sb.
  182. Zákon č. 150/2002 Sb.
  183. Zákon č. 247/1995 Sb.
  184. Zákon č. 275/2012 Sb.
  185. Zákon č. 491/2001 Sb.
  186. Zákon č. 62/2003 Sb.
  187. Zulfikarpasic, Adélaïde. 2001. "Le vote blanc: abstention civique ou expression politique?" Revue française de science politique 51 (1): 247-268. Go to original source...